Sunday, December 25, 2022
THE KINGDOMS OF INDONESIA'S HINDU AND BUDDHA
History is a story or story that explores the events of human life in the past. Historical sources can be in the form of oral, written, and objects. Before getting to know the religion of our ancestors, the beliefs of Animism and Dynamism. Animism is the belief in spirits. Dynamism is the belief in objects that have supernatural powers. Hindu-Buddhist entered Indonesia peacefully brought by traders from India and China.
A. THE KINGDOMS OF INDONESIA' S HINDU-BUDDHA
The Kingdoms of Hindu-Buddha entered Indonesia almost simultaneously. The kingdom that was first discovered was in East Kalimantan, namely the Kingdom of Kutai Kertanegara, with its king named Kudungga. This is based on the age of the inscriptions which have been found to be much older than the other inscriptions. The following are the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms that once existed in Indonesia. We start from the Hindu Kingdom.
I. THE KINGDOMS OF HINDU
The Kingdoms Hindu that once existed in Indonesia include:
- The Kingdom of Kutai
- The Kingdom of Tarumanegara
- The Kingdom of Mataram Kuno
- The Kingdom of Kediri
- The Kingdom of Singasari
- The Kingdom of Majapahit
The Kingdom Majapahit was called the Maritime and Agrarian Kingdom, because the Majapahit Royal Marine Fleet was famous for its number and strength. Besides that it is called the Majapahit Kingdom known as the Archipelago Kingdom.
A. THE KINGDOM OF KUTAI
The Kingdom of Kutai Located in Muara Kaman, on the banks of the Mahakam River, East Kalimantan. Kutai Kingdom. The Kutai Kingdom was founded by Kudungga in 400 and is the oldest Hindu kingdom in Indonesia. Evidence for the establishment of the Kutai Kingdom is the discovery of yupa.
The Kings of Kutai Kindom are Kudungga, Aswawarman, Mulawarman
B. THE KINGDOM OF TARUMANEGARA
The Kingdom of Tarumanegara is the oldest Hindu kingdom on the island of Java, located on the banks of the Citarum River, Bogor, West Java. stood in the 5th century AD or 450 AD. Its territory includes Karawang, Jakarta, Bogor and Banten.
The famous king of Tarumanegara is Purnawarman who adheres to the Vishnu flow of Hinduism.
Evidence of the inscriptions left by the Tarumanegara Kingdom are:
1) Ciaruteun Inscription
2) Guava Inscription
3) Lebak Inscription
4) Coffee Garden Inscription
5) Monument inscription
6) Pasir Awi Inscription
7) Inscription of Muara Cianten
C. THE KINGDOM OF KEDIRI
The kingdom of Kediri is located on the banks of the Brantas river, East Java, with thousands of cities in Daha Kediri becoming known during the reign of King Bameswara in 1117 AD.
The following are the kings who once ruled Kediri:
1. Bameswara / Kameswara I (1117–1130 AD)
2. Jayabaya (1130–1160 AD)
3. Sarweswara (1160–1170 AD)
4. Aryeswara
5. Gandra
6. Srungga
7. Kertajaya (1200–1222 AD)
The Kingdom of Kediri reached its peak of glory during the Jayabaya era, which was famous for its predictions known as Jongko Jayabaya.
Kertajaya was the last king of the Kediri Kingdom after being defeated by Ken Arok from Singasari
D. THE KINGDOM OF SINGOSARI
The Singosari Kingdom was located in Tumapel, Malang, East Java. Founded by Ken Arok in 1222 after defeating King Kertajaya of Kediri.
The following are the kings who once ruled Singosari:
1. Ken Arok was replaced by Anusapati (1227 – 1248 AD),
2. Anusapati was replaced by Tohjaya (1248 AD),
3. Ranggawuni (1248 – 1268 AD)
4. Kertanegara (1268 – 1292 AD).
Singosari reached its heyday during the Kertanegara era.
E. THE KINGDOM OF MAJAPAHIT
The Kingdom of Majapahit was the last Hindu Kingdom. The Majapahit Kingdom is located south of the Brantas River in Trowulan District, Mojokerto west of Surabaya. founded by Raden Wijaya in 1293
The kings are:
1) Raden Wijaya was replaced by Jayanegara (1309–1328)
During Jayanegara's reign there were many rebellions. the Ranggalawe rebellion (1309), the Sora rebellion (1311), the Nambi rebellion (1316), the Rasemi rebellion (1318), and the Kuti rebellion (1319). Gajah Mada succeeded in quelling the rebellion. Gajah Mada vowed to unify the archipelago under Majapahit. The oath is called the Palapa Oath.
2) Hayam Wuruk (1350–1389)
When he ascended the throne, Hayam Wuruk was 16 years old. Hayam Wuruk's government was accompanied by Patih Gajah Mada and Majapahit experienced a golden age. Hayam Wuruk died in 1389 and Gajah Mada died in 1346
II. THE KINGDOM OF BUDDHA
The Kingdom of Buddha include:
a) The Kingdom of Holing;
b) The Kingdom of Mataram and;
c) The Kingdom of Sriwijaya.
The Kingdom Sriwijaya is known as a maritime kingdom, a center for education and the spread of Buddhism, and as a trading center.
B. THE KINGDOM OF HINDU-BUDDHA HISTORICAL RELIC AND LEGACY
The historical legacy of the Hindu-Buddhist Kingdom, among others, are in the form of temples, statues, literary works such as inscriptions and books, as well as religious traditions.
I. THE KINGDOM OF HINDU RELIC AND LEGACY
A. The Temple
a) The Temple of Portibi in Padang Balok, North Sumatra, a relic of the Panai kingdom in 1039 AD.
b) The Temple of Prambanan or The Temple of Loro Jonggrang in Klaten, Jogyakarta, a relic of the 8th century Hindu Mataram Kingdom
c) The Temple of Panataran
d) The Temple of Jago
B. The Statue
a) Airlangga Statue
b) Joko Dolog Statue
C. The Literature
1. The Inscription
a) The Inscription of Mulawarman was from the Kutai kingdom, it was written in Pallawa letters in Sanskrit
b) The Inscription of Adityawarman in 1356 AD, a relic of the Pagaruyung kingdom in Batu Sangkar, West Sumatra
c) The Inscription of Stone or the Inscription Ciaruteun in Bogor, a legacy of King Purnawaran, the kingdom of Tarumanegara.
d) The Inscription of Coffee Plantation
e) The Inscription of Monument
2. The Holy Book
a) The Holy Book of Arjunawiwaha
b) The Holy Book of Sutasoma
D. The Religious Traditions and Customs
1. The Religious Traditions
Hinduism existed in Indonesia since 78 AD. In Hindu society, there are known levels of society according to caste. Known castes in Hinduism, they are:
a. Brahmin Caste,
b. Knight Caste,
c. Weisya caste, and
d. Sudra caste.
Hinduism believes in the existence of gods. The supreme deity is “Tri Murti”, They are:
a. Brahmin God (Creator),
b. Lord Vishnu (Preserver), and
c. Lord Shiva (Destroyer).
2. Customary Traditions
Traditional Traditions and Customs in the form of Ceremonies and Holidays, namely:
1. Ngaben ceremony [burning corpses] in Bali
2. Nyepi and Galungan Days
I. THE KINGDOM OF BUDDHA LEGACY AND RELIC
The Kingdom of Buddha Relics and Legacy are in the form of inscriptions, temples, religious traditions and customs.
1. The Statue
The Statues are:
a) The Statue of Balitung di Kedu;
b) The Statue of Kalasan and;
c) The Statue of Karang Tengah.
2. The Temple, The Inscription and The Statue
The Temples, The Inscriptions and The Statue are:
a. The Temple of Borobudur
b. The Temple of Mendut
c. The Temple of Muara Takus
d. The Inscrption of Kedukan Bukit
e. The Inscrption of Talang Tuo
f. The Inscrption of Telaga Batu
g. The Statue of Buddha
3. Religious Tradition
The figure of Buddhism is Sidhartha Gautama or the Buddha Gautama. According to Buddhist beliefs, the universe is divided into three, they are:
a. kamadhatu,
b. Rupadhatu, and
c. Arupadhatu.
4. Customary Tradition
The traditional Buddhist ceremony that is still carried out to commemorate the birth, death and moksha of the Buddha is the "Tri Suci Vesak" in the Borobudur Temple area.
Buddhism entered Indonesia almost simultaneously with Hinduism. Along with the passage of time, one another acculturated and assimilated in culture.
Thus a short article about the Historical Heritage of Hindu and Buddhist Kingdoms in Indonesia, I hope this is useful. That's all, and thank you.
Read : 480 Indonesian Tribes